Bones & Joints

Hey guys.... welcome back to my another blog. In the previous blog I gave you guys 'Anatomy Introduction'....

For the new people who doesn't know about this blog page..

Hi this is "PhysioZon" , here I gave you guys various information about physiotherapy..

Today's topic is about 'Bones & Joints'...

Before starting this blog , make sure you follow "PhysioZon", also follow on FB page (PhysioZon) & insta (physiozon.sm)

Let's start...

# What is Bone ?

: Bones are specialized connective tissue known as "sclerous tissue". Bone is one-third connective tissue. It is impregnated with calcium salts which constitute two-thirds part.

   There is 270 bones at birth. This total decreases to around 206 bones by adulthood after some bones get fused together.

# What are the bones of human body ?

: There are 206 bones present in adult human body. They are divided into several sections...

1) Skull bones names:-

i. Cranial bones: Frontal bone(1), Parietal bones(2), Occipital bone(1), Temporal bones (2), Sphenoid bone(1), Ethmoid bone(1).

ii. Facial bones: Zygomatic bones(2), Maxilla bones(2), Mandible bone(1), Vomer bone(1), Nasal bones(2), Lacrimal bones(2), Palatine bones(2), Inferior nasal concha bones(2).

iii. Middle ear bones: Malleus bones(2), Incus bones(2), Stapes bones(2).

2) Spine bones names:-

i. Cervical vertebrae (7),

ii. Thoracic vertebrae (12),

iii. Lumber vertebrae (5),

iv. Sacrum vertebrae (5 bones at birth, fused into 1 after adolescence),

v. Coccygeal vertebrae (4 bones at birth, fused into 1).

3) Thorax (chest) bones names:-

i. Hyoid bone(1),

ii. Sternum bone(1),

iii. Ribs(24 in total).

4) Arm bones names:-

i. Upper arm bones: Humerus bones(2), Scapula bones(2), Clavicle bones(2).

ii. Lower arm bones: Radius bones (2), Ulna bones(2).

iii. Bones of hand: a} Carpal bones =>

• Proximal row : Scaphoid bones(2), Lunate bones (2), Triquetrum bones(2), Pisiform bones(2).

• Distal row : Trapezium bones (2), Trapezoid bones(2), Capitate bones(2), Hamate bones(2).

b} Metacarpal bones(10 bones in total; 5 on each side)

c} Phalanges=>

• Proximal bones(10 bones in total; 5 on each side)

• Intermediate bones(8 bones in total; 4 on each side)

• Distal bones(10 bones in total; 5 on each side).

5) Pelvic girdle bones names:-

i. Ilium bone(1)

ii. Ischium bone(1)

iii. Pubis bone(1).

6) Bones names of Leg:-

i. Femur bones(2)

ii. Tibia bones(2)

iii. Fibula bones(2)

iv. Patella bones(2)

v. Foot bones: a} Tarsal bones=>

Calcaneus bones(2), Talus bones(2), Cuboid bones(2), Navicular bones(2), Medial cuniform bones(2), Intermediate cuniform bones(2), Lateral cuniform bones (2).

b} Metatarsal bones(10 bones in total)

c} Phalanges=>

Proximal bones(10 bones in total), Intermediate bones (8 bones in total), Distal bones (10 bones in total).

# Classification of bones...

There are 5 types of bones.

1) Long bone :-

• Features: Cylinder like shape, longer than it is wide.

• Functions: Leverage.

• Examples: Femur,tibia,fibula, humerus,radius,ulna,metacarpals,metatarsals,phalanges.

2) Short bone :-

• Features: Cube like shape, approximately equal in length,width and thickness.

• Functions: Provide stability, support while allowing for some motion.

• Examples: Carpals, tarsals.

3) Flat bone :-

• Features: Thin and curved.

• Functions: Points of attachment for muscles, protectors of internal organs.

• Examples: Sternum,ribs,scapulae, cranial bones.

4) Irregular bone :-

• Features: Complex shape.

• Functions: Protect internal organs.

• Examples: Vertebrae,facial bones.

5) Sesamoid bone :-

• Features: Small and round, embedded in tendons.

• Functions: Protect tendons from comprehensive forces.

• Example: Patellae.

# What is Joint ?

: Joint is a junction between two or more bones, or cartilage with bones, or cartilage with cartilage.

There are more joints in a child than in an adult because as growth proceeds some of the bones fuse together.

Example: The ilium, ischium and pubis to form the pelvic bone.

# What are the joints of human body ?

: I) Main joints: Shoulder joints, elbow joints, wrist joints, hip joints, knee joints, ankle joints.

II) Other joints: Sterno-clavicular joints, acromio-clavicular joints, superior radio-ulnar joints, inferior radio-ulnar joints, intermediate radio-ulnar joints, radio-carpal joints, inter-carpal joints, carpo-metacarpal joints, inter-digital joints, inter-tarsal joints, tarso-metatarsal joints, metatarso-phalangeal joints, inter-digital joints, etc.

# Classification of joints.....

: Joints divided into two parts - 

1) By function: it is also divided into three parts - i} Immovable joints/ Syn-arthrosis joints, ii} Slightly movable joints/ Amphi-arthrosis joints, iii} Fully movable joints/ Di-arthrosis joints.

2) By structure: it is also divided into three parts - 

i} Fibrous joints: it's subdivided into three parts - •Suture joints, •Gomphosis joints, •Syndesmosis joints.

ii} Cartilagenus joints: it's subdivided into two parts - •Synchondrosis joints, •Symphysis joints.

iii} Synovial joints: it's subdivided into six parts - •Condyloid joints, •Gliding joints, •Hinge joints, •Pivot joints, •Saddle joints, •Ball & socket joints.

# Description and examples of all of the above joints....

: 1) Joints grouped by their functions -

i} Immovable joints / Syn-arthrosis : Skull sutures, the articulation between teeth and mandible, the joint found between the first pair of ribs and the sternum.

ii} Slightly movable joints / Amphi-arthrosis : Distal joint between tibia and fibula, pubic symphysis of the pelvic girdle.

iii} Fully movable joints / Di-arthrosis : Elbow joint, shoulder joint, ankle joint.

2) Joints grouped by their structures -

i} Fibrous joints : Fibrous joint is thick connective tissue between the articulation, that's why most fibrous joints are immovable. They are 3 types -

• Sutures: These are non-moving joints that connect bones of the skull.

• Gomphosis: These are the articulation between the teeth and the mandible,maxilla.

• Syndesmosis: It is a joint in which a ligament connects 2 bones, allowing for a little movement (Amphi-arthrosis). The distal joint between the tibia and fibula is an example of Syndesmosis.

ii} Cartilagenus joints : These joints that unite bones with cartilage. There are 2 types-

• Synchondrosis: It is an immovable cartilaginous joint. The joints between the first pair of ribs and sternum is the example of it.

• Symphysis: It is a compressible fibrocartilaginous pad that connects two bones. This allows for some movement. Hip bones connected by the pubic symphysis, the vertebrae connected by intervertebral discs are the examples of it.

iii} Synovial joints : These are characterized by the presence of an articular capsule between the two jointed bones. There are 6 types of synovial joints-

• Gliding joints: These moves against each other on a single plane. Major gliding joints include the intervertebral joints and the bones of the wrist and ankles.

• Hinge joints: These move on just one axis. These joints allow for flexion and extension. Major hinge joints includes the elbow and finger joints.

• Pivot joints: This provides rotation. At the top of the spine, the atlus and axis from a pivot joint that allows for rotation of the head.

• Condyloid joints: It allows for circular motion, flexion and extension. The wrist joint between the radius and the carpal bones is an example of a condyloid joint.

• Saddle joints: It allows for flexion, extension and other movements,but no rotation. In the hand, the thumb is saddle joint (between the first metacarpal and the trapezium) lets the thumb cross over the palm, making opposable.

• Ball and socket joints: These are freely moving joint that can rotate on any axis. The hip joint and shoulder joint are the examples of the ball & socket joints.

    Hope this information helps some of you...make sure you follow this blog page , fb page , insta..share this blog to everyone...